Alphabet Test

Alphabet Test

In this type of questions, you are given alphabets from A to Z. The position of a letter is given in the form of a puzzle. The candidate is required to find this letter however, sometimes a random letter series is given and the candidate is required to find out how many times a letter satisfying the conditions specified in the question occurs.

Examples For Alphabet Test:

EX.1: Which letter is the 7th to the right of the 13th letter from your left in the following alphabet series?
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.
1) S  2) T  3) V
4) U  5) None of these
Sol:(2)
In the given series 13th letter from left is M
7th letter from the right of M is T.

EX.2: Which letter will comes exactly between the 9th letter from your left and the 10th letter from your right. With out changing any order in the original from the alphabet?
1) L  2) N  3) O
4) M  5) None of these
Sol: (4)
9th letter from your left is I.
10th letter from your right is Q
The mid letter between I and Q is M.

Ex.3: If it is possible to form a word with the first,Fourth, Seventh and Eleventh letters in the Word 'SUPERFLVOUS' write the first letter of that word.
Otherwise, X is the answer.
1) S  2) L  3) O  4) E  5) X
Sol:(2)
The first,Fourth,Seventh and Eleventh letters of the word 'SUPERFLUOUS'.
The first letter is L.

EX.4: How many pairs of letters are there in the word 'CASTRAPHONE' which have as many letters between them in the word as in the alphabet?

1. 3   2. 2    3. 4   
4. 5  5. More than 5
Sol:(3) 
Looking into the alphabets there are four such pairs namely ON,EH,ST,TO.

Ex.5: In the following alphabet second half is written first and then the first half is arranged in reverse order. Then which of the following will be
the 6th letter to the left of 18th letter from the right?
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1. P  2. N  3. R   4. S  5. NOne of these.
Sol: (1)
According to the given conditions the letter series can be written in the following way.
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z M L K J I H G F E D C B A.
(18+6)=24th letter from your right is P

EX.6: If the letter in the word 'RUTHENIUM' are rearranged in the alphabatical order, Which letter will be second to the right of middle letter?
1.  I   2.  N    3.  T   4.   R   5. None of these.
Sol:(3)
Alphabetical order of the letters of the word 'RUTHENIUM'
E H I M N R T U U

By: Unknown On 05:04

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Analogy

Analogy:

Analogy means 'similarity'.Analogy questions ask you to determine the relationship between a pair of words and then to recognize a similar or parallel relationship between a different pair of words or letters. It tests the ability of a candidate to determine relationships exiting between pair of words. The relation may center a round synonyms,antonyms,cause and effect or other areas.Solving questions based on analogy requires not only enriched vocabulary but also an idea about different phenomena,relationship among human being,causes and their effects and so on.Sufficient practice will definitely enable the candidate to achieve mastery in this section.Keeping various questions asked in different examinations in mind, we divide this chapter into Type-I, Type-II and Type-III.

Type-I:

In this type of questions,there is certain relation between two given words on one side of :: and one word is given on another side of :: while another word is to be found from the given alternatives,having the same relation with this word as the words of the given pair bear.

I. Animal and their children relationship:

EX.1: Loin : Cub :: Deer :........
Here Cub is the young one of a lion.
Similarly Fawn is the young one of a Deer.
Ex.2:Swan : Cygnet :: Hare :............
Here Cygnet is the litter of a Swan.
Similarly levered is the litter of a hare.

II.Study and Terminology:

EX.1: Nephrology : Kidney ::..... : Soil
Study of a kidney in medical science is called Nephrology.
Similarly study of a soil is called Pedology.
Ex.2: Semantics : Language :: ..... : Plants.
Study of language is called semantics,In the same way study of plants is called Botany.

III. Sex relationship:

EX.1: Dog : Bitch :: Boar : ......
The above order is based on male female relationship.Similarly in the blank space sow will come.
EX.2: Uncle : Aunty :: Administrator :.........
In The said above,Administrix will come in the blank space.

IV.Association Relationship:

EX.1: Time : Clock :: Date : ......
Here clock shows time.
Similarly Date are shown by Calender.
EX.2: Distance : Meter :: Liquid : .....
Here distance can be measured in terms of meters.
Similarly liquid can be measured in terms of Liters.

V.Synonyms Relationship :

Ex.1: Abandon : Cease :: Brutal : .....
Synonum for abandon is cease.
Similarly for Brutal is Savage.

VI.Antonym Relationship:

EX.1: Create : Destroy :: ..... : Love
Antonym for destroy is create.
Similarly antonym for Love is Hate.
EX.2: Joy : Gloom :: .......: Strict 
Antonym for Gloom is Joy.
Similarly antonym for Strict is Lenient.

VII. Word and intensify.

EX.1: Error : Blunder :: Moist :......
Here Blunder is of higher intensity than Error.
Similarly Drench is of higher intensity than moist.
EX.2: Refuse : Deny :: Busy : .....
Deny is of higher intensity than Refuse.
Similarly Hasty is of higher intensity than busy.

VIII. Sound and animal relationship:

EX.1: Grunt : Camel :: Trumpet : ....
A Camel makes the sound which is called Grunt.
Similarly an Elephant makes the sound called Trumpet.
Ex.2: Roar : Lion :: Yelp : .....
A lion makes the sound which is called Roar.
Similarly a Fox makes the sound called Yelp.

IX. Instrument and measurestion relationship:

Ex.1: Viscometer : Viscosity :: Calorimeter : .....
Viscosity is measured by the instrument viscometer.
Similarly Heat is measured by the instrument Calorimeter.

X. Quantity and units of measurements:

EX.1: Temperature : Degree :: Luminosity : .....
Degree is the unit of measurement of temperature.
Similarly, Candela is the unit of measurement of Luminosity.

XI. Tool and object relationship:

EX.1:Needle : Sew :: Chisel : .....
Needle is used to Sew clothes.
Similarly Chisel is used to Carve Wood.

XII. Worker and place of work:

Ex.1: Farmer : field :: ..... : Shop.
A farmer works in feild.
Similarly a Grocer works in shop.
EX.2: Mechanic : Garrage :: ....... : Parlour
A mechanic works in a garrage.
Similarly a Beauticain works in a Parlour.

XIII. Worker and tool relationship:

Ex.1: Warrior : Sword :: Tailor : ....
Warrior fights with sword in the battle field.
Similarly tailor works with Needle in tailoring clothes.
EX.2: Farmer : Plough :: Doctor : .....
Farmer takes help of Plough for cultivation.
Similarly Doctor takes help of Stethoscope for diagnosis.

XIV.Product and raw material:

EX.1: Rubber : Latex :: .....: Yarn.
Rubber is made of Latex.
Similarly Fabric is made of Yarn.
Ex.2: Butter : Milk :: ..... : Ore.
Butter is extracted from milk.
Similarly Iron is extracted from Ore

XV. Worker and product relationship.

EX.1: Cobble : Leather :: Teacher : ....
A cobble is cancer with leather works.
Similarly teacher with Education.
Ex.2: Carpenter : Furniture :: Blacksmith : .....
A Carpenter's work is related to furniture.
Similarly blacksmith work is related to Iron.

Type II

In this type of questions one model pair of words is given. This will be followed by four choices. from the given choices we have to select the one pair which has the same relation as the one in the model pair.

Rules:

In Dealing with an analogy question, the following rules should be observed.
1. Analyse the relationship between the question pair.
2. Look for the pair of words (among the choices) with a similar relationship.
3. If more than one pair of words seem to fit, re-examine the relation in the question pair.
4. Eliminate answers that do not appear to be the best.
5. Parts of speech must be the same in the related words/Phrases.

I. Antonym relationship:

EX: Exempt : Obliged
1. Affluent : Fluent  2. Immune : Susceptible  3. Valiant : Mighty  4. Steadfast : Reputed
Exempt means free from obligation or liability.
Oblige means opposite.
Similarly, Immune means Protected from and Susceptible means the opposite.
Answer: (2)

II. Synonym relationship:

Ex: Encumber : Burden
1. Work load : weariness
2. Behead : Sum up
3. Recapitulate : Synopsize
4. Reconcile : Alienate
Encumber and burden are synonyms.
Similary, recapitulate is a synonym for synopsize.
Answer: (3)

III. Cause and Effect relationship:

Ex: Embroil : Strife
1. Counteract : Performance
2. Infiltrate : Cull
3. Indemnify : Reduction
4. Arbitrate : Settlement
As embroil results in strife. Similarly orbitration result in settlement.
Answer: (4)

IV. Worker and Article relationship:

Ex: Editor : News paper
1. Table : Carpenter 
2. Journal : Journalist
3. Author : Novel
4. Blacksmith : Furnace.
As a editor edits and creates a Newspaper.
Similarly an Author writes a novel.
In the choices (1) and (2) the relationship is correct but the sequence doesn't match that of the word pair given in the question.
Answer: (3)

V. Worker and Tool Relationship:

Ex: Surgeon : Forceps
1. Refugee : Asylum
2. Buoy : channel
3. Caucasian : Saxon
4. Blacksmith : Hammer
A surgeon uses a forceps Similarly a blacksmith uses a hammer
Answer: (4)

VI. Tool and object Relationship:

EX: Scissors : cloth
1. Pen : Ink
2. Furnace : Smoke
3. Amulet : Evil
4. Razor : Hair
A pair of scissors is used to cut cloth. similarly A razor is used to cur hair.
Answer: (4)

VII. Classification Relationship:

EX: Cow : Mammal
1. Buffalo : Cattle
2. Beef : Mutton
3. Sheep : Wool
4. Snake : Reptile
A cow is classified as a mammal and a snake as a reptile
Answer: (4)

VIII. Functional Relationship

EX: Judge : Hearings
1. Jury : court
2. Lawyer : evidence
3. Jurisprudence : advocate
4. Senator : legislations
As a jude participates in court hearings.
Similarly Senator legislates.
Answer: (4).

IX. Sequential relationship:

Ex: Summer : Winter
1. Monday : Saturday
2. Monday : Tuesday
3. Sunday : Holiday
4. Spring : Summer
As summer proceeds winter. Similarly monday proceeds Tuesday.
Answer: (2)

X. Association Relationship.

EX: Assistant : Files
1. Fever : Temperature
2. Constitution : Code
3. Revival : Time
4. Farmer : Tractor
Assistant has the same association with files.
Similarly farmer has with tractor.
Answer: (4)

XI. Age Relationship:

Ex: Lion : Cub
1. Rooster : chicken
2. Fox : Vixen
3. Daisy : Rose
4. Human : Child
Cub is a young lion, a child is a young human.
Answer: (4)

XII. Sex Relationship:

EX:1. Women : lady
2. Boy : Girl
3. Stallion : Horse
4. Buffalow : Cow
Here the relation is Female and male. The order is important.
Answer: (4)

XIII. Characterization Relationship:

Ex: Host : Hospitable
1. Artist : Imitative
2. Guest : rude
3. Humanitarian : Altruistic
4. Idealist : Cynical
As a host is supposed to be hospitable. In the same way, a humanitarian is expected to be altruistic.
Answer: (3)

Type III

In this type of questions there will be four groups in which one will be missing. The principle of analogy is the relation between first and second will be exactly similar to the relation between the third and fourth.

Ex.1: ZXU:ACE ::?:GIK
1. RTQ  2. TRO  3. TRP  4. OQT
Solution: Here the first two letters are corresponding letters when alphabets are written A to Z and Z to A.so the first two letters of the answer will be TR. Third Letter is one letter to the right of the corresponding letter. So the third letter in the answer is O. so answer is 'TRO'

By: Unknown On 11:18

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Coding and Decoding

Coding and Decoding

The Coding and Decoding Test is designed to test the candidate's ability to find the rule under which a message has been coded and decipher the message in the original form. In these questions, the code values are assigned to a word or a set of words and the candidate is required to set the word in the original form.

Based on various type of questions asked in different examinations,it is divided into 4 types of categories.
1)Letter Coding
2)Number Coding
3)Substitution Coding
4)Mixed Coding and Mixed Number Coding.

In this type, Letters of a word are reshuffeled to make it a coded word.On the same pattern you have to find code word of a given word.
(or)
The words are coded in such a way that certain letters stand for certain other letters in a set pattern.On the same pattern you have to find code word of a
given word.

To solve the question of this section, the candidate has an idea about the Alphabet Letter series.In the below has been given a forward letter series Reverse letter series and opposite letter series.

1. Forward order of letters and corresponding numbers:

1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11 12  13   14 15
A B  C D E  F  G H  I    J    K   L    M     N  O

16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23   24  25  26 
P    Q    R   S   T    U     V    W    X   Y     Z  

2.Reverse order of letters and corresponding numbers:

1   2   3    4    5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15
Z   Y   X   W   V   U  T   S  R   Q    P     O     N     M    L

16  17  18  19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26
K    J     I      H    G     F     E    D    C     B     A

3. Second half of the alphabet in reverse order:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N

Example:
In a certain code IMTITJU is Written as TMIIUJT.How is TEMREMP written in that code?
1.METERPM    2.METRPME  3.ETRMMEP   4.MTERPME  5.None of these
Solution:(2)
Explanation:In the given code, the letters of even numbered position have been left as they are while the first and the third letters have been interchanged.
Similarly, the fifth and the seventh and the seventh letters have been interchanged.

By: Unknown On 23:18

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Numbers Formulas

Numbers Formulas

1. Prime Number:

A Prime Number is a number which has factors only unity and itself.

Example:2,3,5,7..........

2. Composite Number:

A number which has more than two different factors is called a Composite Number.

Example:4,6,8,10...........

3. Co-Prime Number:

Two numbers are said to be Co-Prime to each other of they do not have any common factor other than one.

Example:(2,3)(5,7)...........

4. Twin Prime Number:

Two prime numbers are said to be twin prime if the difference between them is two.

Example:(3,5)(5,7),(11,13)...........

5. Perfect Number:

A number is said to be perfect number if the sum of all the positive integral divisors of the numbers including unity and itself is equal to twice the number.

If 'a' is even,2^a-1(2 power of a) is always divisible by 3
If 'a' is odd, 2^a+1(2 power of a) is always divisible by 3
If 'a' is odd, 2^2a+1(2 power of 2a) is divisible by 5
If 'a' is even, 2^2a-1(2 power of 2a) is divisible by 5
If 'a' is odd,5^2a+1(5 power of 2a) is divisible by 13
If 'a' is even 5^2a-1(5 power of 2a) is divisible by 13
If a<b then a<(a+b/2)<b,because(a+b/2) is the average of 'a' and 'b'.

7.The standard form of writing a number is a*10^n(10 power of n) Where 'a' lies between 1 and 10 and 'n' is an integer-Positive and negative.

Example:325600=3.256*10^5 and 0.3256=3.256*10^-1(10 power of -1).

8. i.x^a+y^a(x power of a and y power of a) is divisible b x+y When 'a' is odd
x^a+y^a=(x+y)(x^a-1-yx^a-2 +......+y^a-1)(x power of a-1)
ii.x^a-y^a is divisible by X+y When 'a' is even
x^a-y^a=(x+y)(x^a-1-yx^a-2+.........+xy^a-2-y^a-1)
iii.x^a-y^a is always divisible by x-y
x^a-y^a=(x-y)(x^a-1+yx^a-2+........+y^a-1)

9.Tests for Divisibility:

i. A number is divisible by 2,whene its unit digit is even or zero

Example:262,240,246....

ii. A number is divisible by 3,when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

Example:156,27

iii. A number is divisible by 4, when the number formed by the last 2 right hand digits is divisible by 4 or if the last two digits are zero.

Example:144,1200.

iv. A number is divisible by 5, when its units digit is 5 or 0

example:1245,1350

v. A number is divisible by 6,when its divisible by 2 and 3 both.

example:126,78

Vi. No rule is still known for divisibility of a number by 7.

Vii. A number is divisible by 8,when the number formed by the right hand digits is divisible by 8 (or)
last three digits are zeros.

Example:4408,1200

Viii. A number is divisible by 9,When the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.

example:1926,1359

ix. A number is divisible by 10, when its unit digit is 0.

Example:4000,1850

x. A number is divisible by 11, when the differece between the sum of the digits in the odd and even places is zero or a multiple of 11.

Example:91531,2332

xi. A number is divisible by 12, when it is divisible by 3 and 4 both.

Example:132,2556

xii. A number is divisible by 25, when the number formed by the last two right hand digits is divisible by 25.

Example:143575,12150.

xiii. A number is divisible by 125, when the number formed by the last three right hand digits is divisible by 125.

Example:139625,460250.

xiv. For any integer 'a'.
a^3-a is divisible by 3
a^5-a is divisible by 5
a^7-a is divisible by 7
a^11-a is divisible by 11
a^13-a is divisible by 13.
In general, if p is prime numbe then for any whole number 'a' a^p-a is divisible by P.

xv.When any number with even number of digits is added to its reverse, the sum is always multiple by 11.

Example:5762+2675=8437 which is divisible by 11 .

Note:A number is divisible by another number if the former is divisible by all the factors of the later.

10. Sum of first 'n' natural numbers=n(n+1/2)

11. Sum of first 'n' odd numbers=n^2

12. Sum of first 'n' even natural numbers=n(n+1)

13. In division sum we have dividend,divisor,quotient and remainder.
Dividend=Divisor*Quotient+Remainder
(or)
Divisor=Dividend-Remainder/Quotient

By: Unknown On 10:10

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Strong And Weak Arguments

Strong And Weak Arguments

Introduction:

Some examinations consist of question based on identifying strong and weak arguments.In these questions a proposal followed by two arguments is given.One has to examine the arguments in the context of given proposal so as to determine their strength.The statements given in these questions,normally,are of interrogative nature.

Before discussing the methodology of solving the question,let us discuss the two important concepts,"Proposal" and "Argument".

Proposal:

Most of the question are based on a "Proposal".A Proposal,here,means a course of action to be taken up.

Example:

(1) Should liquor be banned?
(2) Should wild life be preserved?

Argument:

A proposal is followed by two arguments.An argument maybe in favor of or against the proposal.One has to cheek the strength of the arguments.This cannot be misconstrued as considering only favorable arguments.it is irrelevant whether an argument is favorable or adverse to a proposal.Both favorable and adverse arguments are considered provided both of them are strong enough in their own ways.

The supporting argument normally bases its support on a positive result or a positive feature, that would follow, on implementation the course of action proposed in the statement. Similarly, the opposing argument takes its support on the basis of a negative result or a negative feature that (it thinks) follows if the proposed course of action is implemented.

Strength of an argument: An argument is considered to be strong, if it provides a valid and directly related reason either in favor of or against the proposal made.

While considering the arguments, one has to adhere to the following norms:

(1) The argument is to be considered true, unless it is opposing the generally accepted facts.In other words the authenticity of the argument cannot be questioned as long as it is not against established facts.
For Example,if one argument suggests that mohd.Ali is stronger than Mike Tyson, we have to take it as true.

(2) Personal opinion about the proposal shall be ignored.Even if one has an opinion about the proposal, in discussion it cannot taken into consideration.In other words, the judgement should always be unbiased.

(3) Sometimes one may come across a situation in which an arguments (say "India should declare war against the whole world") is absurd. But if it is strong enough in the given context it has to be taken as a strong argument. one cannot deny this argument terming this as absurd.
To determine the strength of an argument, one has to follow a methodical way which is explained below.

Preliminary screening:

In this stage,the given arguments are read superficially certain arguments are so obvious that they can be eliminated in one glance. read the argument and discard it if it is:
-ambiguous
-disproportionate
-irrelevant
-comparative
-simpllistic

Ambiguous:

The argument should have clarity in the reason suggested in it. The argument should be contextual and express its support or opposition to the given statement in explicit terms.

example:

statement:
should India wage war against Pakistan?

Argument:
No, both India and Pakistan are at fault.

Analysis:
Here, through the argument refers to the subject in the statement, it has no clarity.We cannot find out what the argument wants to say. Thus the argument is ambiguous.

Disproportionate:

The reasons given in the argument, in support or against the given statement, should be comparable to the magnitude of situation given in the statement. It should be neither same as "trying to kill an elephant with a needle" nor "trying to kill a mosquito with a sword".

Example:

Statement:
Should every citizen be asked to use only pencil to write instead of pen?

Argument:
Yes, usage of pencil lead to reduction in wastage of paper.This helps in protection of environment.

Analysis:
The argument links usage of pencil to protection of environment, because errors can be rectified on the same paper instead of using a new paper and hence wastage of paper can be reduced. This measure, in practice, makes little difference to the environment, hence the argument is rejected.

Irrelevant:

The argument should relate its reasoning to the context given in the statement.

Example:

Statement:
Should the syllabus for primary classes be reduced, to enable the students to understand the concepts piece meal?

Argument:
1.No, it gives more leisure to students, which may lead to juvenile delinquency.
2.No, the syllabus should include subjects that help in increasing IQ levels of students

In the given statement, a course of action is suggested to achieve the ultimate aim of enabling students to understand the subjects better. The arguments should base their reasoning as to whether the suggested action results in achievement of the ultimate aim or not. The reason given in argument (1) is out of context when compared to the statement. Hence this argument is irrelevant.

Argument(2) has relevance to the above statement, as it reasons on the same lines as the statement. The statement should include what ever it wants to achieve through the suggested course of action.

Comparative:

The argument should suggest why or why not the proposed action be implemented, basing on favourable or adverse result that follow after implemented. But it should not support or deny the suggestion, because such action has been taken up or not taken up else where.

Example:

statement:
should India reform its taxation policy?

Argument:
1. Yes, it helps in rationalization of taxes.
2. Yes, many countries are doing so.

Analysis:
Argument(1) Is a valid argument because it is based on a positive result that would follow the suggested action.
Argument(2) Is not based on any resulting effect of the suggested action. It is only comparing with other countries. Other may have their own reasons for taking up such measures. Hence, this is not a valid argument.

Simplistic:

These kind of arguments, through they are related to the statements, make a simple assertion or there is on substantiation to strengthen the argument.

Example:

Statement:
Should India wage war against Pakistan?

Argument:
1) Yes, it should be done immediately.
2) No, it is not going to help.

Analysis:
Argument (1) simply suggests that it should be done immediately, but does not give any reason as to why it should be done. Hence, this argument is too simple.
Argument(2) does not show how it is not going to help. Of course, it has show a reason why such an action should not be taken up, but does not dwell deep into the reason. Hence, argument(2) is also simplistic.

Let us take a few examples to understand how the above methods help in solving questions.

Directions for examples:

make your answer as
Choice (1)  If only statement I is a strong argument.
Choice (2)  If only statement II is a strong argument.
Choice (3)  If either I or II is a strong argument.
Choice (4)  If neither I nor II is a strong argument
Choice (5)  If both I and II strong.

Examples:

1. Should male labourers be paid more than female labourers?
I. Yes, Even physiologists confirm that the structure of male body is such that males can do more work when compared to females, in a fixed period of time.
II. No, This puts a question mark over gender equality in the society.

Solution:

Argument I: It talks about the opinion of physiologists. Here, we cannot check the validity of the physiologists opinion, We have to assume that the information given is true and check whether such information supports the proposal strongly. If the information is true, then it gives a valid reason for higher wages given to males. Hence, this is a strong arguments.
Argument II: There are many factors which cause inequality in the society. Lower wages is not a cause for inequality. Therefore, argument II cannot be considered a strong arguments. Only statement I is a strong argument.
Choice(1).

By: Unknown On 13:34

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Input and Output

Input and Output

Introduction

Some of the competitive examinations give question on a pattern generally known as "Input and Output".In these questions, input data is converted into output through a few systematic steps. in the direction for these questions, an example (to show how a given input is transformed into a designed output) will be given.The input is a string of elements (these elements can be alphabets or numbers or words or any combination of these),which is processed through a few methodical steps and transformed into the designed (pre-defined order of elements) output.

From the given example, we have to understand the following.

(1) the method followed in the transformation;and
(2) the desired arrangement of the elements in the final output. The same method is to be employed to answer the subsequent questions.

Now,let us analyse the two important phrases used in the above paragraph, viz.desired order of output and methodical transformation.

I.Desired order of output:

The form in which the final output is required, is predefined. The following are the most commonly followed arrangements of elements in the output.

(a) If the elements are numbers:

(i) Ascending order.
(ii) Descending order.

(b) If the elements are letters:

(i) Alphabetical order: The elements appear in the same order as in a dictionary, from A to Z
(ii) Reverse Alphabetical order:The elements appear in the reverse order,from Z to A.

(c) If the elements are words:

(i) Alphabetical order: The words in the output are to be in the same order in which they appear in a dictionary,starting from A to Z
(ii) Reverse Alphabetical order: The words in the output are to be in the revers of the  order given in a dictionary, starting from A to Z.

(d) If the elements are combination of letters, numbers and words, several kinds of arrangements are possible.On a case-to-case basis, we have to find out the arrangement in the output.

II. Methodical transformation:

To achieve the pre-defined output,the input string of elements is processed through a few steps. These steps follows a specific pattern while rearranged the given elements. There are two most commonly followed methods. Let us name them as (1) Single element movement, and (2) Interchange of two elements.
Students should note that there can be other methods of transformation. Now, let us discuss these two methods mentioned above with the help of a simple input "B D C A F E". Let the desired output be "A B C D E F".

1. single element movement: 

In this method, only one element is rearranged in each step. The elements, which are to the left of the place vacated by the rearranged element, shift to their right to fill the vacant place. The position of the other elements remain unchanged.

illustrated of this method:

Input :B D C A F E
Step I :A B D C F E
Step II: A B C D F E
Step III: A B C D E F
Step III is the final output.

In step one letter 'A' is removed from its position and arranged in the first position.The three letters to the left of the vacant place i.e., B D and C shift to their right by one place. similar method is followed in subsequent steps. 

2. Interchange of elements:

In each step, the element to be rearranged interchanges its position with the element in its designated position.In this case, A interchanges its position with B and  the position of the other elements remain unchanged.This is the first step. Each of the subsequent steps follows the same methods till the final output is obtained.

Illustration of this method:

Input : B D C A F E
Step I :A D C B F E
Step II: A B C D F E
Step III:A B C D E F
Step III is the final step.

Method Of Answering A Question:

Step I: Compare input and Output in the example given in the question and observe the final arrangement.
Step II:Observe how each element is being rearranged and also the pattern followed by the remaining elements.
Step III:Whenever an element comes into its designated position without consuming any step, then leave such element untouched.

Let us understand the concept discussed above more clearly by using the following example.

I. Arranging the words given in the input in alphabetical order:

Example: A word arrangement machine when given an input consisting of words, rearranges them following a particular patter in each step. The following is an illustration of input and the steps involved in the rearrangement.
input: belt an area the state are tea
Step I: an belt area the state are tea
Step II:an are belt area the states tea
Step III:an are area belt the state tea
Step IV:an are area belt state the tea
Step V:an are area belt state tea the
Step VI:is the final output (last step) for the above input.
Example:
Question:
1.Which of the following will be the last step for the following input?
input:from food has made case wage
(1)has made from food case wage
(2)case food from has wage made
(3)case food from has made wage
(4)case from food has made wage
(5)case food from made has wage.
Solution:
on comparing the input with the output, it is clear that the given words are arranged in alphabetical order.Hence the output is case food from has made wage.
Choice(3) 

2. Arranging the numbers in the given input in increasing order:

Example:
A number arrangement machine when given an input line of numbers, rearranges them following a particular pattern in each step. The following is an illustration of input and the steps involved in the rearrangement.
Input: 78 92 56 38 144 87
Step I :38 92 56 78 144 87
Step II:38 56 92 78 144 87
Step III:38 56 78 92 144 87
Step IV :38 56 78 87 144 92
Step V :38 56 78 87 92 144
As all the numbers in the given input are arranged in the increasing order, step V is the final output.

By: Unknown On 04:15

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Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect

Introduction:

Cause and Effect:

Questions based on cause and effect test the ability of  the candidate to determine the relation between two events and examine how they are dependent on each other i.e., Which of them is the cause for the other one.The direction for different types of these question are given below.

Type-1 Directions:

Direction for questions:

Each of this questions contains a pair of events marked as 'A' and 'B'.You have to read both events and decide their nature of relationship.You have to assume that the information given in 'A' and 'B' is true and you not assume anything beyond the given information deciding the answer.

Mark answer

(1) If 'A' is effect and 'B' is its immediate and principal cause.
(2) If 'A' is the immediate and principal cause and 'B' is its effect.
(3) If  'A' is an effect but 'B' is not its immediate and principal cause.
(4) If  'B' is an effect but 'A' is not its immediate and principal cause.
(5) None of those.

Type-2 Directions:

Direction for questions:

Below in each question are given two statements (A) and (B).These statement may be either independent causes or may be effect of independent causes.One of the statement may be effect of the other statement.Read both the statement and decide which of the following answer choices correctly depict the relationship between these two statements.

Mark answer

(1) If statement (A) is the causes and statement (B) is its effect.
(2) If statement (B) is the causes and statement (A) is its effect.
(3) If both the statements (A) and (B) are independent causes.
(4) If both the statements (A) and (B) are effect of independent causes.
(5) If both the statement are effect of some common cause.

Type-1:

Example:

Event(A): Mr. Amitab Bachan received the best actor award.
Event(B):  Mr. Amitab Bachan is a good actor.

From the direction given for these questions, it is clear that, first one has to find out whether the given event are related are not.Here one event talks about award to an actor, second event talks about what kind of an actor that person is,Hence events are related events.Now, answer choice (5) is eliminated.The possibility of choice (5) being the answer arises even when the given events are related. That will be discussed ahead.Once it is found out that the events are related, one should check the chronological order in which they occurs before the effect.

If event (A) occurs before event (B), it implies that A is the cause and B is its effect.in this case choices (2) and (4) are possible answers.On the other hand if event (B) occurs before event (A),then choices (1) and (3) prevail.

After identifying the possible answer choices, the task to identify whether the cause is a principal and immediate one or not.Here we have to understanding the terms 'immediate' and ,principal,.
if a camel cannot live at the poles, it is because the weather conditions there do not suit its anatomy. If non-availability of grass is show as a cause, it is of course a cause,but it is a trivial one

Similarly, an object has to be combustible for it to get  brunt. Being combustible is a principle cause for a heap of paper to burn but it is not an immediate one.some one throwing lighted match sticks onto the heap would be the immediate cause.For a cause to be an immediate one the time frame is irrelevant .If no other intermediary cause is required then it is said to be the immediate one.increase in vehicular traffic is an immediate cause for widening the roads.But the increase in vehicular traffic does not occur overnight or in a day, still it is an immediate cause.

Choice (1) or (2) can be selected only if both the conditions,principal and immediate are satisfied.If any one or both conditions(s) is/are not satisfied then one should go for choice (3) or (4).

When it is found that the events are related,but any one of them can be a cause for the other as it cannot be determined as to which is the cause and which is the effect, choice (5) should be marked as the answer.

Observe the following events.
Even(A): Ram threw a stone at Shyam
Event(B): Ram and Shyam quarreled with each other.

Solution:
Here, event (A) could be the cause for event(B) and vice-versa.The answer for this question is choice (5).

Type-2.

If the given statement are related and they can be arranged in a chronological order, one should go for choice (1) or (2) depending on which of the two causes the other one.
If the two statement are independent of each other, but rather than being the effects of some cause they are basic events, then one should go for choice(3).

Example (2):

Statement(A): Indonesia suffered a major earth quake today.
Statement(B):The term of the Indonesia prime Minister ends by December.

Solution:

The two statements given above are independent of each other, but they lead to certain major consequences.Hence they are independent causes i.e, choice (3) is the answer.

By: Unknown On 12:44

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